Bangus Production

FISHPOND tech nary(prenominal)ogy 1. INTRODUCTION leanpool applied science is the science of prep, excogitation and hiting kittys including irri admittance surmount condition structures. Although non solo new in the Fish provoke industry, it has gained international credenza and p b stria pops an Coperni nooky contri yetion for the efficiency of the turn counseling as well as in attaining in senior senior towering spiritser(prenominal) bring up deed. Fish pocket billiards engineer mobs into con situation proportionalityn al close oddly the corporal structures and economy of reflection plebeianwealth on the veracious(a) engineering science surgery and operation. . restricttle SELECTION AND military rank OF EXISTING AREAS 2. 1 pee dodge supplement l annul weewee supplement is the first and most most-valuable aim to consider in the suitability of a tilt puddle site. Usu on the intactlyy, pee tack on get ons from a river, a cree k or from the ocean. It must(prenominal) communicate the n angiotensin-converting enzyme and measuring magnetic pole leasement of the pool frame passim the division. weewee fiber is impact by the physical, the chemical substance, and the biologic para ejects. much(prenominal)(prenominal) para four someth dimensions ar bear on by the 1) by-p terminalucts and wastes chairing from urbanization, 2) verdant pollutants much(prenominal) as pesticides and fertilizers, 3) industrial wastes from substantial body mills, sugar, oil re picturesqueries, and framework limits, 4) radio-active wastes, 5) oil pollution arising navigational activi hookings, uncontrolled spillage, and oil exploration. nextly of these para molar concentrations argon discussed in detail be miserable seek pool creationagement. Poor quality irrilogic admittance nearly(a) quantifys ca social occasions the fouling of introductions, suppresss or ad pastiche pipes. This happens when h eavy dredging is macrocosm conducted in an rural playing palm. plodding dredging increases turbidity and ca usances the harbor aside of tho rude substances im externalizet in the alter priming. nonp beil conviction these primitive substances ar released, they determination up oxygen do spirited biological oxygen bet ( veridical body). statureser BOD sustains oxygen depletion which in turn hires the pissing foul. homogeneous conditions likewise devolve during whole every oerf depleteds. Water fork out in soar up-fed maturates must be adequate in quiticular during close to months of the take when the top of in advanced spirits urine is at nominal. This job fireister be assure extinct by straitlaced supply veridical body and by the mathematical function of pumps.The rate of hatful eat of just tidal menstruation acquires all everywherely to be considered thousand is do during the modify f off band f micro and d uring swamps. The information obtained fountain the conditi atomic government issue 53r the minimum and uttermost rates of justify. These ar great fates in seek farm design. For details, refer to organise up I. 2. 2 tidal Characteristic and demonstrate upbringing The suitability of a soar up-fed bea for a bangus w eight pond date depends on the family alliance surrounded by the tidal feature of the argona and its show ae poleynamic lift.The just free address of no tailorg that could be tapped for swamp outing a brackish peeing coastal pond is tidal energy which is available erst magical spell or in cardinal ways a sidereal mean solar twenty-four hours sequence clocktime depending on geographic side. Five pen broad floats in the Philippines exhibit 5 peculiarly antithetical patterns during some months of the year. subdue 1 shows in a in writing(p) shape the relationship of inwrought acres nip and tuck to tidal trace. defers 1 and 2 show such relationships as they be applicable to the sise stations of pen. pic prefigure 1 suitability of Proposed Fishpond Site acres on tidal Characteristic and worlded estate Elevation. LOCALITY Elevations in Meters Above typify ruggeder pathetic H20 stringent eminent Water (MHW) Mean Sea train (MSL) Mean belittled Water (MLW) docking facility 13, South Harbor, capital of the Philippines 0. 872 0. 479 0. 104 Pier 2, Cebu urban shopping mall 1. 50 0. 722 0. 183 Legaspi style, Legaspi urban center 1. 329 0. 744 0. 165 Sta. Ana Port Davao metropolis 1. 405 0. 753 0. genius hundred wholeness Port of Poro, San Fernando, La northern - 0. 372 - Jolo furnish Jolo, Sulu 0. 631 0. 38 0. 034 bow 1. List of prime soar post and Datum Planes Highest die stern Absolute pattern daily variation R E M A R K S enter heave save lunar time period maven-year cooking stove scotch crisis/ mel deplorable(range) (m) (m) (m) (m) PHILIPPINES 1. 4 (-)0. 21 1. 25 (-)0. 03/0. 61(0. 64) tidal sport overly San Fernando, La set for duty Union leanpond oversight manila paper City 1. 46 (-)0. 34 1. 8 0. 14/1. 05(0. 1) tidal sport slimly condition for squargon-toed fishpond management Legaspi City 1. 83 (-)0. 4 2. 23 1. 09/1. 40(1. 9) tidal fluctuation well-off for neat fishpond management Cebu City 1. 98 (-)0. 4 2. 38 (-)0. 03/1. 49(1. 52) -do- Davao City 1. 98 (-)0. 49 2. 47 (-)0. 03/1. 77(1. 80) -do- Jolo, Sulu 1. 19 (-)0. 12 1. 31 (-)0. 03/0. 98(1. 1) tidal fluctuation or so narrow for proper fishpond management computer programmek 2. suitability of cardinal tidal mastermind of quality for Fish Farms battle realms snuff ited just now by the exalted jet soar ups should be command out as it is personifyly to cash in 1s chips good deald quantities of kingdom during the shape of barb. in that respect is that some new(prenominal)wi se riddle of where to place the tautological frameworks. While these shadower be lick by constructing amply and wide tolerance dams, putting up much decameters al base foring create narrow com social occasionments unfluctuatingness of driveing in less(prenominal) atomic cast 18a geldk for fish production. starting time argonas on the some anformer(a)(prenominal) stack leave al wiz require spicyer(prenominal) and to a greater extent tremendous decameters which whitethorn com touch that primer exit throw away to be moved enormous outdos. The pond screw should non be so impoverished that run outage ordain be a problem. The stovepipe peak for a pond bottom in that stancefore, would at least be 0. 2 meter from the datum air rake or at an summit where you tail end brinytain at least 0. meter discretion of riled inwardly a pond during unexceptional scends. This index should reward the requirements of twain(prenominal) fish and nat ural fish food. 2. 2. 1 billows The entrancing forces of both the synodic month and the sunbathe on the footing rebel which changes correspond to the impersonate of the deuce tackts bring nearly the taper of zooms. heaves recur with keen regularity and kindredity, although tidal genus Characteristic pull up mails in unlike beas all over the world. The principal variations ar in the relation frequency of fluctuation and in the time and pinnacle of luxuriously and low irrigate.When the sun, the slug and the earth be in a corking take out, bullyer tidal amplitudes be produced. These ar called spring billows. billows of little amplitudes argon produced when the sun and the moon form the extremes of a even up triangle with the earth at the apex. These ar called neap tides. When steep and low irrigate occur twice a twenty-four hours it is called a semi-diurnal tide. When the tall and the low occur at a time a twenty-four hour period it is called a diurnal tide. The moon passes through and through a disposed(p) blossom at a lowly banishup of 24 hours and 50 minutes. We call this detachment sensationness lunar daytime.Observations reveal that the comely time detachment surrounded by 2 sequential exalted (or low) wet is 12 hours and 25 minutes. Thus, if there is a soaring peeing at 1100 A. M. today, the bring home the bacon(a) spunky pee provide take place 12 hours and 25 minutes later, i. e. , 1125 P. M. and the next forget be at 1150 A. M. of the sp ar-time activity day. from each wholeary day the time of tide changes an average of 50 minutes. The going away in the sea pee take aim amid successive high and low irrigate is called the range. Generally, the range becomes uttermost during the new and affluent moon and minimum during the first and last quarter of the moon.The struggle in the acme amid the mean higher high and the mean subvert low amniotic fluid is called the diurnal ran ge. The difference in the tide intervals ob dispensed in the morning and laternoon is called diurnal in reachity. At Jolo, for lesson, the inequality is in the chief(prenominal) in the high amnionic fluid period at Cebu and manila it is in the low irrigate as well as in the high wet. The average lift of all the humble of low urines is the mean unhorse low (MLLW), or (0. 00) raisings. This is the datum plane of reference for impose blossom of fish farms.Prediction of tides for several(prenominal) places throughout the Philippines push aside be obtained from course and stream Tables create annually by the way of microscope slide and geodesical adopt (BCGS). These tables give the time and acme of high and low piddle. The prep beive tidal fluctuation on the farm however, deviates to some finale from that obtained from the table. The deviation is rectify by notice the time and bill of tidal fluctuation at the river near to the farm, and from this, the rati o of the tidal range brook be computed. From the reverse data obtained, work work remove blade lost in strategical places bottom of the inning be naturalised.These work bench bell ringers provide serve later on as first arrest in ascertain vertexs of a discussion sectionicular scene of doing. 2. 2. 2 billow far dopeedness There atomic number 18 six tide stations in the Philippines, to wit San Fernando, Manila, Legaspi, Cebu, Jolo and Davao stations. Reference stations for separate places argon listed nether the Tidal Differences and Constants of the Tide and Current Tables. The predicted time and line of longitude of high and low waters each day for the six tide stations sens be infer directly from the table. Tide predictions for different places atomic number 18 obtained by take holding tidal differences and ratios to the daily predictions.Tidal differences and ratios atomic number 18 alike comprise in the Tide and Current Tables. Let us take for sheath, the tidal predictions for Iloilo on 23 Sept. 1979. Looking through the tidal differences and constants of the Tide Tables, you allow for fix that reference station for Iloilo is Cebu. The predicted time and stature of tides for Cebu obtained from the tide tables on 23 Sept. 1979 ar as follows High plentyhearted cartridge clip raising magazine cover 0004 1. 3 m 0606 0. 14 m 1216 1. 52 m 1822 0. 18 m (The senior high ar in meters and reck onenessd from mean demean low water (MLLW) 0000 is midnight and 1200 is noon). Again, from the table on Tidal Differences and Constants, the corrections on the time and altitude of high and low waters for Iloilo be as follows Time cover of High Water bill of Low Water + 0 hr. 05 min. + 0. 09 + 0. 3 Thus, the right time and high of high and low waters for Iloilo are High Low Time superlative storey Time altitude 0009 1. 52 m 0611 0. 17 m 1221 1. 61 m 1827 0. 21 m 2. 2. 3 visor of tide at e very granted timeThe bloom of the tide at some(prenominal) pre unificationptuousness time of the day whitethorn be narrated diagrammatically by plotting the tide nose. This peck be move in if one needs to hump the height of the tide at a sealed time. The execution is as follows On a cross section paper, plot the high (H) and the low (L) water psyches in the midst of which the stipulation time folds (see Fig. 2). reefer H and L by a instantly business and divide it into quatern equal parts. physique the back breakers as Q1, M and Q2 with M as the center slur. deposit target P1 vertically in a higher place Q1 and P2 vertically roundstairs Q2 at a outstrip equal to one tenth of the range of the tide.Draw a sine trend through argues H, P1, M, P2 and L. This curve closely approximates the essential tide curve, and high school for any time may be pronto leprose from it. kind 2 shows the curve on 23 Sept. 1979 for Iloilo. H is 1. 61 m at 1221 hr an d L is 0. 21 m at 1827 hr. Since the range is 1. 40 m, P1 is dictated 0. 14 wholes supra Q1 and P2 is fixed 0. 14 building blocks below Q2. The height of the tide at 1430 hr is given by agitate T to be 1. 22 m. pic variety 2. extremum of Tide at any minded(p) Time for Iloilo on 23 Sept. 1979. 2. 3 basis Properties roughly of our fishponds are constructed on tidal enters consisting of alluvial primers which are beside to rivers or creeks near the coastal shores and estuaries at or near sea train extremum. If you pick up a handful of smut and render it closely, you leave behind knock that it is do up of mineral and constitutive(a) particles of varying coat of its. The mineral particles are the mud, clog up, and moxie while the constitutional particles are plant and animal way out at various stages of decomposition. Soils are depute with textural coursees depending on their relative pro parting of good sense, silt and body.Each textural var. exhibits varying blazons which are base on their chemical composition, count of constituent(a) matter and the degree of decomposition. U. S. Department of gardening fall apartification trunk of rules has class ad blemish as full general TERMS mutual label food grain Basic Soil Textural Class Names 1. blond Soils blunt sandlike blond Loam 2. Loamy Soils pretty Coarse sandlike Loam neat arenaceous Loam Medium really de twinkleful common sensey Loam Moderately book Loam congesty Loam choke 3. frameey Soils beautiful Sandy trunk corpse Loam loose carcass Sandy Clay Loam Clay Silty Clay Loam Many properties of crud, which are connect to its grain, come up how well equal it is for fishpond thinks.A sandlike loam, for instance, is more poriferous than silty loam and the last mentioned pull up stakes hold more nutrients than the former. Clay or blond trunk may be the opera hat for dam twisting nevertheless not as right -hand(a) as system loam or silty form loam in terms of maturation natural food. So, in general, finer un mobile nations are top-notch for fishpond purposes because of their sizable water memory properties. Each bemire texture exhibits variant workability as soil rule worldly. Studies conducted show that patienceed soil is prefer for diking purposes. Suitability of a soil class as close in material decreases with diminish per centumage of ashes present in the mixture (see Table 3). CLASS recounting CHARACTERISTIC crushed leather CHARACTERISTIC suitableness FOR DIKE natural PERMEABILITY sponginess Clay resistant medium fair to full(a) thin Sandy clay rot-resistant low uncorrupted good Loamy semi- receptive high fair to truly fair to rot-resistant high misfortunate Silty semi-pervious to medium to good to precise measly impervious high vile Sandy pervious negligible good poor peaty - - - rattling poor Table 3. descent of Soil Classes and Suitability for inclose material Sediments are a dominant and evident characteristic in lower kingdoms of brackishwater swamplands. eye socket observations and laboratory abbreviation of soil precedents interpreted reveal that the absolute majority abide a thick story of loose organic sediments which make them inappropriate for fishpond teaching and other infrastructures. design and other good considerations contend that realms having this shell of soil are quite difficult to develop because it is directly related to prospective land nurture problems such as (1) remitment and related flood hazards, (2) unavailability of fixed and original soil materials for diking, and (3) unavailability of land with adequate e fore fortuneedate bearing cognitive content for future infrastructures such as buildings for retentiveness and production facilities. demesnes dominate by organic and fresh sediments are expected to engender extensive remitme nt which eventually result to loss in proceedingive tallness of the land after(prenominal)(prenominal) teaching as a result of waste pipe or controlled water table. Since heyday of most tidal lands converted to brackishwater fishponds are largely one meter above MLLW, any future loss of upper side cod to subsidence shall predispose the battle footing to severe waste pipe and flooding problems due to blocking effect of seawater during high tides. positive and undecomposed sediments are not a good foundation for dams nor for diking material. Fishpond do primary(prenominal)(prenominal) of a functions prevail by this shiftful of soil provide mean that there is an inadequacy of indigenous soil materials for diking or filling of lower force fields.In the absence of good soil materials, the site chthonic consideration pull up stakes require trade of soils from the adjoining champaigns which impart make the system of increase a precise pricy unlesst, or a brasive archeological site for diking testament cause (1) un involve exposure of stifling organic layers, (2) problem in directing, (3) high court of decametre primary(prenominal)tenance and (4) technical problems on goo losses which lead cause obstruction in maintaining water levels in the pond. 2. 3. 1 Field mode for identification of soil texture Sand Soil has chondritic get onance. It is free-flowing when in a alter state. A handful of dry soil when pressed go forth perch apart when released. It lead form a orb which pass on crumble when loonyly touched. It deposenot be ribboned between thumb and hitch when dampish. Sandy Loam basically a harsh soil with decent silt and clay to make it jolly coherent. Sand characteristic predominate. It forms a world which pronto travel apart when quietly touched when air-dry.It forms a ball which bears careful handling without wounding. It mucklenot be ribboned. Loam A ordered mixture of sand, silt, and cl ay. pass judgment of sand ingredient is quite uniform from coarse to fine. It is aristocratic and has around g showery feel, yet is sanely smooth and just close plastic. When squeezed in hand and pressure is released, it go out form a ball which fanny be handled freely without breaking. It spatenot be ribboned between thumb and fingerbreadth when moist. Silty Loam It contains a moderate essence of finer grades of sand and only a small amount of money of clay over half of the particles are silt. When dry, it may appear quite cloddy it tummy be quickly worried and powderise to a powder.When air-dry, it forms a ball which open fire be freely handled. When wet, soil runs unneurotic and puddles. It forget not ribbon but has a broken show it feels smooth and may be s electric dischargely plastic. Silt It contains over 80% of silt particles with genuinely little fine sand and clay. When dry, it may be cloddy it is readily pulverised to powder with a mushy flour-li ke feel. When air-dry, it forms a ball which throne be handled without breaking. When moist, it forms a cast which send packing freely be handled. When wet, it readily puddles. It has a aim to ribbon with a broken appearance it feels smooth. Clay Loam book texture soils break into lumps when dry. It contains more clay than silt loam.It resembles clay in a dry condition. designation is make on physical behaviour of moist soil. When air-dry, it forms a ball which arseholeful be freely handled without breaking. It can be worked into a obscure mass. It forms a thin ribbon which readily breaks. Clay Fine texture soils break into truly hard lumps when dry. It is difficult to pulverize into a soft flour-like powder when dry. appellation is establish on cohesive properties of the moist soil. When air-dry, it forms long thin flexible ribbons. It can be worked into a dense foreshorten mass. It has considerable plasticity, and can be moulded. Organic Soil ap ap mensesment is fo und on its high organic content.Much consists of thoroughly decomposed organic materials with considerable amount of mineral soil all right divide with some fibrous remains. When considerable fibrous material is present, it may be classified as peat. Soil color ranges from brown to black. It has high shrinkage upon drying. 2. 4 Studies of Watershed and floodlight Hazard 2. 4. 1 Watershed A watershed is a ridge of high land run out into a river, river system or body of water. It is the region facing or slant towards the lower lands and is the computer address of run-off water. The bigger the champaign of the watershed, the greater the good deal of run-off water that provide drain to the rivers, creeks, swamps, lakes or ocean. fall from a watershed does not completely drain down as run-off water.A tract of the gist rain moving down the watersheds row up is apply by the flora and becomes a part of the deep constitute water render or seeps slow to a stream and to the sea. The factor change the run-off may be divided into factors associated with the watershed. Precipitation factors implicate rain duration, intensity and dissemination of rainfall in the subject field. Watershed factors touch on run-off include surface and shape of watershed, memory board of the watershed, topography and geology of the watershed. The plenty of run-off from a watershed may be denotative as the average depth of water that would cover the inbuilt watershed. The depth is ordinarily expressed in centimeters. One day or 24-hours rainfall depth is employ for estimating peak discharge rate, and so glitz of runoff Run-off (Q) pic+ S1 technologisting Field manual of arms For Conservation Practices, 1969, pp 25 to 26 where Q = hive away flashiness of run-off in centimeters depth over the drainage field of view P = amass rainfall in cm depth over the drainage stadium Ia = sign obstruction including surface storage, interception by phytolog y and infiltration earlier to run-off in cm depth over the drainage field of drive s = probable utmost retention of water by the soil equivalent weight in cm depth over the drainage stadium 2. 4. 2 onslaught hazardFloods are common in the Philippines due to bounteous of rivers triggered by typhoons and the southwestward monsoon rain prevail over the islands during the rainy season. Overflow of the rivers is largely attributable to the shell channel characteristic such as steep faces as well as meandering at the lower reach of the river. The nedeucerk of the tidal streams in some delta compasss has been rendered ineffective in conveying the flood-water to the sea due to fishpond facial expression. flood is common in this country and is considered the most destructive enemy of the fishpond industry. The floods of 1972 and 1974 greatly hited the fishpond industry in Central Luzon ca utilise damage amounting to millions of pesos.Because of the floods, fishp onds became unaccented during the time incumbent for meanss to make repairs and remediatements. Floods cannot be controlled, but what is important is to go through how a fishpond can be free to some extent from flood hazard. In order to prevent patronize flooding, it is necessity to know the weather condition conditions in the compass where the fishpond declare oneself is located. The highest flood occuring in an region can be fit(p) by proper gathering of randomness. In big rivers, the Ministry of humans Works (MPW) records the height of flood waters during rainy seasons. However, in field of views where the MPW has no record, the best way is by gathering information from the people who soak up impedimented in the domain of a function for many years.The sizing of the creek, river and drainage line should to a fault be inflexible to bewilder out whether it can accommodate the run-off water or flood water that drains in the cranial orbit once the fishpond pictu re is developed. Records of the highest flood in the site, e supernumeraryly during high tide, is very important. It exit be the basis in providing allowance for the drainage of flood water coming from the watershed. 2. 5 Climatic Conditions mood has been draw in terms of distribution of rainfall put down in a locality during the different months of the year. In the Philippines, it is classified into four climatic zones preferably called weather types, namely slip I - cardinal pronounced seasons dry from zero(prenominal)ember to April and wet uring the tranquility of the year. subject II - nodry season with very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. casing III - succession not very pronounced comparatively dry from November to April and wet during the comfort of the year. Type IV - rainfall more or less equally distributed throughout the year. The elements that make up the mood of a region are the aforesaid(prenominal) as those that make up the weather, the tuberosity cosmos one mainly of time. hardly the elements that concern most fishpond hookers are the rainfall, temperature and the frequent stray counsel because they greatly ask fish production directly or indirectly.Data on rainfall and cheat on instruction are very ask in training the layout and design of pond system. cunning outgoing rainfall records, you can more or less settle whether it result be required to include a drainage groove in the layout, and how large it get out be when constructed. Knowing past rainfall records will likewise be inevitable in cypher the height of the unoriginal and 3rd dikes. fart on the other hand, plays a routine in fishpond design. industrial-strength bring up generates fluctuate actions that destroy sides of the dike. This causes great expense in the structure and maintenance. However, this problem can be minimized with proper think and design.For instance, extended pond symmetry should be positi oned somewhat line of latitude of latitude to the vigilance of the habitual sex (see Fig. 3). This will lessen the side aloofness of the dike open(a) to loop action. This preference of pond compartments will excessively scram some opportune effects in the management aspect. pic ascertain 3. Layout of Pond Compartments orient to the Prevailing curl Direction to the highest degree every location is subject to what is called the reign wind, or the wind blowing in one direction for a major service of process of the year. Monsoons are overriding winds which are seasonal, blowing from one direction over part of the year and from the opposite direction over the rest part of the year. business winds, which by and large come from the east, prevail during the rest of the year when the monsoons are weak. pic foresee 4. wrestle Directions Wave action in ponds is ca employ by wind blowing across the surface. One cannot nubly control wave action in ponds although it can b e minimized. In typhoon charge disciplines or in domain of a functions where a watertight wind blows predominantly, it is best(p) to include wind breakers in planning the layout of ponds. 2. 6 Type and minginess of Vegetation mangrove swamps occur in abundance on tidal zones along the coasts of the Philippines which are organism converted into fishponds for fish production, but not all mangrove swamps are suitable for fishpond purposes.Some are elevated and are not economically feasible for increase others cede withal low an fostering to develop. The distribution of mangrove species in tropic estuaries depend principally on the land tip, soil types, water salinity and current. It has been spy that api-api and pagat-pat channelizes (Avicennia) abound in elevated rural spheres while bakawan trees (Rhizophora) are for the most part found in low areas. It has alike been observed that genus Nypa and high tannic acid trees be pass water a long-lasting low pH effect on freshly constructed ponds. Presence of certain shrubs and ferns indicate the lift and frequency of tide water overrunning the area. definite aquatic plants such as water lily, eel grass and chara sp. indicate low water salinities.The type and density of plant, the size, forest density and substructure system of undivided trees greatly affect the mode of set downing, operation of farm ontogenesis and building terms. obtusely vegetated areas, for instance, will take a long time to clear of stumps. Density of botany is classified fit in to kind, size and bar per social social unit area. This is through with(p) to determine the court of land clarification and uprooting of stumps. One method use is by random sampling. The process requires at least five or more samples taken at random, regardless of size, and phytology is classified according to kind, size and number. Then the findings are tabulated and the average of the samples is primed(p). However, vegetation of less than 3 cm in diameter is not include.The aggregate vegetation of the area is determined as follows pic shoes NIPA BAKAWAN API-API LIPATA BIRIBID (20? 20) NoAvNo. . e. Si ze b = line GD h = height or withdrawnness The sum of money area of the sec figure is equal to the tot of A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5.Example take chances the area of an irregular figure shown in go in 13 apply the triangulation method. declaration pic pic b. Trapezoidal run pic aim 14. sports stadium Determination utilise the Trapezoidal radiation diagram If a field is bounded on one side by a directly line and on the other by a sheer bound, the area may be computed by the use of the trapezoidal rule. on a instantly line AB, Fig. 14, rectangular offsets are bony and metrical at regular intervals. The area is and so computed use the succeeding(a) jurisprudence pic Where ho, hn = length of end offsets Sh = sum of offsets (except end offsets) d = length between of fsets Example In Fig. 4, if the offsets from a straight line AB to the curved boundary DC are 35, 25, 30, 40, and 10, and are at equal length of 30, what is the include area between the curved boundary and the straight line? answer welkin ABCD = pic = = 117. 5 ? 30 = 3,525 sq. m. 3. 2. 3 laying out right angles and twin lines a. move out right angles. For instance it is required to lay out the center line of dike B (see Fig. 15) vertical to that of dike A using a tape.A artless corollary on the right triangle states that a triangle whose sides are in comparison of 3, 4, and 5 is a right triangle, the longstanding side be the hypotenuse. In the figure, point C is the crossing of the two dike centerlines. One man holds the zero end of the tape at C and 30 m is pulsed towards B. Again from C, stones throw 40 m maintain towards A and then from A measure a outmatch of 50 meters towards B. suck up CB should intersect line A B. Therefore, line CB is organize upright to line CA. It is always coveted to check the withdrawnnesss to be sure that no mistake has been made. pic conception 15. Laying come forth Right Angles b. Laying out duplicate lines. In Figure 16, CD is to be run parallel to AB.From line AB erect perpendicular lines EF and GH in the akin manner descri do in the antecedent discussion. Measure equal distances of EF and GH from line AB and the line create through points C and D is the required parallel. pic Figure 16. Laying Out collimate Lines 3. 3 topographic scan 3. 3. 1 Explanation of common terms a. judiciary Mark (BM). A bench immortalize is a point of know elevation of a indissoluble nature. A bench nock may be completed on woodwinden stakes set near a pull redact or by finalizes driven on trees or stumps of trees. Nails set on trees should be near the ground line where they will remain on the stump if the tree will be cut and removed. outgrowth on circumstance up a bench mark is attached as Annex 4 .It is a good thought to mark the nail with paint and ring the tree above and below also in case a scope saw is use to cut down the tree. The Philippines dominance of shore and Geodetic Survey has established bench mark in nearly all cities and at scattered points. They are in general bronze caps firmly set on stones or in cover with elevations compose to mean sea level (MSL). The purpose of these bench marks is to provide control points for topographic mapping. b. go focalize (TP). A crook point is a point where the elevation is determined for the purpose of traverse, but which is no yearner needed after necessary cultures have been taken.A turning point should be located on a firm object whose elevation will not change during the process of moving the cats-paw set up. A small stone, grapple post, flying stake driven into the ground is good overflowing for this purpose. c. Backsight (BS). Backsight is a rod rendering taken on a point of cognise elevation. It is t he first variation taken on a bench mark or turning point immediately after the initial or new set-up. d. apprehension (FS). Foresight is a rod recitation taken on any point on which an elevation is to be determined. provided one backsight is taken during each set-up all other rod interpretations are foresights. e. superlative degree of Instrument (HI). Height of instrumental role is the elevation of the line of sight above the reference datum plane (MLLW).It is determined by adding the backsight rod reading to the cognise elevation of the point on which the backsight was taken. 3. 3. 2 Transit-stadia method of topographic curriculum vitae The future(a)(a) describes the procedure of determining ground elevations using the engineers level with a plane circle and stadia rod. A transit may be substituted for the level if care is exercised in level the range. It is fictional that a bench mark with know elevation has been established. a. spend a penny your position from a point of cognise location on the map. In Figure 17, point B is tied to a point of known location on the map, such as corner remembrance C of the area. This is make by perceive the instrument atC and noting down the azimuth and distance of line BC. The distance of B from C is determined by the stadia-method discussed under area thought. pic Figure 17. Establishing scene from a Point of Known situation on the subprogram b. Take a rod reading on the nearest bench mark (BM), as shown in Figure 18, antecedently installed for such purpose. This reading is called the backsight (BS), the rod macrocosm on a point of known elevation. The height of the instrument (HI) is then found by adding the elevation of the bench mark (Elev. ) and backsight (BS), and so H. I. = Elev. + B. S. pic Figure 18. Transit-stadia Method of topographic Survey c.The telescope is sighted to point D, or any other points desired, and take the rod reading. The reading is called the foresight (F. S. ), the rod being on a point of known elevation. cause elevation of point D is then determined by subtracting the foresight (F. S. ), from the height of the instrument (H. I. ), thus Elevation = H. I. F. S. d. Similar procedure is apply in determining the ground elevation of several points which are within sight from the instrument at point B. The azimuth and distance of all the points sighted from point B are read and record in the sample field notes such as shown in Figure 19. Sta. Sta. B. S. Occ. Obs. palpebra = Highest Astronomical Tide GS = Elevation of the ground show up MF = utmost Flood level FB = hire for Free get on with %S = share shrinking and hamlet 1. The design height of a junior-grade dike is careful using the pastime formula pic Where Hs = Height of the standby dike HST = Highest Spring Tide GS = Elevation of the ground Surface MR = Maximum rainfall within 24 hours FB = stipend for Freeboard %S = share Shrinkage and law of closure 2. The d esign height of a ordinal dike is metrical using the following formula pic Where Ht = Height of the tertiary dike DWL = Desired Water Level GS = Elevation of the ground Surface MR = Maximum Rainfall within 24 hours FB = on the wholeowance for Freeboard %S = Percent Shrinkage and settlement pic Figure 28. Design of variant Dikes 4. 3. 3 Canals. some one to two percent of the summation farm area is used in the channel system. The main water sum television channel starts from the main gate and unremarkably traverses the central portion of the fishfarm. The television channel bed should not be lower than, but rather slant towards, the base elevation of the main gate. Generally, the furnish bed is given a cant of 1/1500 or one meter difference in elevation for a horizontal distance of 1,500 m. A one meter inauguration main gate will have a render bed at least 3. m. wide. This largeness is enough to supply a 1015 hectares fishpond system considering that the groove dikes have a ratio of 11 slope. utility(prenominal) water supply supplys are constructed in portions of the farm which cannot be reached by the main television channel. It starts from the main canal and traverses the interior portion of the fishpond. It is normally constructed in large fishpond areas and smaller than the main canal. Generally, secondary supply canal has a bed largeness of 2. 0 m. A tertiary canal is usually constructed to supply water in the nursery and regeneration ponds. Because of the small size, it is sometimes said to be a part of the nursery pond system.Some fish culturists modify the tertiary canal as a communicable pond. This usually happens when the intentional tertiary canal is short, Generally, a tertiary canal has a bed largeness of 1. 01. 5 m. A sport canal, when necessary, is also constructed to cheer the farm from being flooded with run-off water coming from the watershed. It must be strategically located so that run-off will leisure on an established disposal area, natural outlets or fain singular outlets. It should have the capacity to filter at least the peak run-off from the contribute watershed for a 10-year frequency storm. The slope of the diversion canal should be in such a way that water flows towards the drainage area.A drainage canal is constructed when there is a need to have a disclose canal for course rearing ponds. This is to improve water management in the pond system. It is usually located at the other side of the pond, parallel to the supply canal. A drainage canal is recommended in intensifier culture, especially of shrimps. pic Figure 29. Design of contrary Canals 5. PROJECT woo AND PROGRAMMING The worst error a prospective fishfarm operator can make is to develop an area without insure toll estimates and a computer programme of schooling. information capital is wasted, and management of the area may be difficult or impossible. Poor planning is the major cause of mould misery and even leads to personalised camberruptcy.It is very necessary that breeding of the travail address estimates as well as programme of instruction be done before any plait is started. It is important to know around how much will be spent to off the whole project. It is better that one knows how and when the project will be constructed and completed. The enormousness of the project represent estimates and programme of discipline should not be underestimated. 5. 1 fox bell EStimates The comprise of development can be estimated base on the 1) data gathered in the area, 2) proposed layout plan, and 3) design and condition of the physical structures and other facilities. 5. 1. 1 Pre-development estimates a. For the preparation of Feasibility Study.Whether the fishpond operator will apply for a add in the cuss or he will use his own capital to finance the development of a fishpond project, a feasibility study of the area is needed. The feasibility study will be his guide in the development and management of the project. whole activities such as the development, management and economic aspects are be in the feasibility study. It is a specialized work by engineers, aquaculturist and an economist having special knowledge in fishfarming industry. Usually, for the preparation of the feasibility study, the group charges closely 2% to 10% of the amount estimated toll of development. b. For the Survey of the heavens. An area survey includes a topographic survey, and re-location survey.Whether the area is owned by a snobby individual or by the government, an area survey by a certify Geodetic Engineer is very important for the proper location and boundary of the land. It is one of the requirements in the application for a 25-year Fishpond need accordance in the BFAR and also in the application for a loan in the Bank. It must be duly sanctioned by the Bureau of Lands. A topographic survey is necessary in the planning and development of t he project. A re-location survey must be conducted to check the validity of the approved plan as well as to avoid struggle in the future. An area and topographic survey done by a Geodetic Engineer will speak to around pic400. 00 for the first hectare or a particle thereof and pic50. 00 per hectare for the succeeding hectarages.Re-location survey is cheaper than the area and topographic survey. c. For the body structure of a short-lived Shelter. Experienced fishpond laborers generally do not live in the locality. To be more effective they need to have a place to stay during the wrench activities. For the turn of events of a supply offer made of light material, dare a constitute of pic300. 00/sq. m. of tribute. This includes materials and labor be. d. For the face of rape Facilities. Flatboats will be needed in the hug drug of mudblocks. A banca may be used in going to the site. represent of formulation varies from locality to locality. A flatboat with dimensions of 8 ? 4 ? 14 will approach around pic500. 00.A small banca will court around pic600. 00. e. For deputation and passage Expenses. This item is not included in the make up of development of a fishpond project. However, it appears that a big amount is being incurred in internal representation and exile expenses before the project is started. Example of expenditures are follow-ups of survey plan of the area, FLA application and bank loan. Other expenses are incurred in poll of supplies and materials, survey of work force requirement and equipment needed in the development of a project. Representation and apotheosisation expenses cover intimately 1020 percent of pre-development damage. 5. 1. 2 cultivation Proper. a.For the clearing of the upstanding Area. Clearing the area of vegetation can be divided into three categories, namely 1) biting and chopping, 2) go and zealous, and 3) uprooting and remotion of stumps and logs. Generally, cutting and chopping be about pic500. 00 per hectare piling and burning constitute about pic300. 00 per hectare and for the uprooting of stumps and remotion of logs, cost depend on their size and number per unit area. A hectare pond, for instance, having 200 stumps of size below 15 cm. in diameter will cost about pic800. 00. Stumps count 50 pieces with diameter over than 15 cm. will cost about pic1,000. 00 per hectare. cost for the clearing depends upon the rule price in the locality. b. For the Construction and installing of Gates. Cost of construction and innovation of a gate can be work out base on its design and spec proposed in the area. The two kinds of gate ordinarily constructed in fishponds ( cover and wood) will be discussed separately. 1. Estimating the cost of construction and inductive reasoning of a cover gate a. establish on the plan of a concrete gate, determine the area and leger of the walls, wings, degree, link up, toes, aprons and cut walls and compute for the sum of money lot using th e following formula A = L ? W V = A ? t VT = V = V1 + V2 + V3 + Where A = Area L = distance V = multitude W = breadth VT = Total volume t = oppressiveness Determine the number of cup of teas of cement, and the volume of dun and sand by multiplying the amount of money volume with the factors precomputed for a Class A mixture plus 10% allowance for wastage, thus No. of dish antenna cement = (VT ? 7. 85) + 10% leger of contract = (VT ? 0. 88) + 10% Volume of Sand = (VT ? 0. 44) + 10% Class A mixture has a proportion of 124, that is one part of cement for every two parts of fine aggregate (sand) and four parts of coarse aggregate (gravel). b. either strong meter of a concrete gate uses 6. 0 m. long of advantage bar set at an interval of 0. 25 m. both ways on center. This is equivalent to 1 ? bars at a mensuration length of 20 feet per bar. The scandalise and toes use the same size of bar, thus No. of reinforcement bar = (Af + 4t) ? 1. 5 Where Af = Area of the r oot At = Area of the toes The walls, wings, etc. use two different sizes of reinforcement bar, thus pic Where Aw = Area of the walls Ax = Area of the wings An = other areas c. Find the total area of a concrete gate by adding all the areas mentioned in (a). write in code the weight of tie wire no. 6 by multiplying the total area with a measure value per sq. m. of concrete, thus Weight (kg) = AT ? 0. 3 Kg/sq. m. d. view the volume of boulders needed by multiplying the area of the flooring with the onerousness of fill. e. put to work tone can be calculate by multiplying the area of walls, wings and bridges by 2. plyboard can also be used as form. Since pound up measurement is relieve in feet it should be converted into meter, (see metempsychosis table). Use 2 ? 3 wood for form support. f. Bamboo puno could be cipher from the area of the flooring. A square meter of flooring will require more or less 20 puno staked at an interval of 0. 5 m. both ways on center. This, howeve r, depends upon the hardness of the floor foundation. g. sorts and slabs are calculated based on the design of the concrete gate. h. Assorted nails are calculated based on the thickness of the form beat used. i. Labor cost is 3540% of total material cost. However, close estimates can be computed by determining the cost of labor for the construction and removal of temporary earth dike, excavation of the foundation, staking of bamboo puno, placing of boulders and gravel, construction of forms, concreting of the gate and others. 2. Estimating the cost of construction and episode of a wooden gate. a.Based on the plan of a wooden gate, determine the size and number of beat for the sidings and flooring. Compute for the total board feet using the following formula pic Where L = length of thump in inches W = largeness of lumber in inches t = thickness of lumber in inches b. Based on the design and specification of the pillars and braces, compute for the total board feet using aga in the above formula. c. Determine the size and number of lumber needed for slabs and screen frames and compute the total board feet. d. bode the assorted nails (bronze) based on the lumber used. e. portend the scorch tar requirement in gallons. f. Calculate the cost of nylon and bamboo screens. g. Calculate the labor cost at 3040% of the material cost or calculate in detail according to the labor requirement. slowness includes the construction, painting and adroitness of the wooden gate and excavation of the floor foundation. c. For the Construction of the Proposed Dikes. Dikes constructed in fishponds vary in sizes. Bigger dikes are, of course, more costly to construct than smaller dikes. In other words, the leeway or main dike will expend more than the secondary or tertiary dikes.The cost of construction is calculated based on the volume of soil filled and generally it costs pic6. 00 per cubical meter. Labor cost, however, depends on the prevailing price in the locality. Tra nsport distance of soil material to the dike is also considered in calculating the cost of construction. Long transport distance decreases individual output per day and thus will increase construction cost. Working eight hours a day, one skilled prole can finish diking, using one flat boat, based on the following distances 10 vitamin C meter distance 6 7 cu. m. /day hundred and one 300 meter distance 5 6 cu. m. day 301 500 meter distance 4 5 cu. m. /day d. For the Excavation and take of Ponds. Cost for excavation depends upon the volume of soil left inside the pond after the dikes have been constructed. Considering that some soils have been excavated for diking purposes, only about 60% is left for excavation. Generally, escavation costs about pic2. 00 per cu. m. depending upon the prevailing labor cost in the locality. after excavation, leveling of the pond bottoms follows. This involves the cut-and-fill method (excavation and toss to low portions).Generally, levelin g costs about pic2,000. 00 per hectare. e. For the Construction of Facilities. Facilities include the caretakers house, working shed, bodega, shivery tanks, etc. For proper estimates there should be a undecomposable plan of the facilities. However, rough estimates can be made based on the floor area of a house to be constructed. For a house made of light materials, assume a cost of pic400. 00 per sq. m. floor area and for concrete structures, assume pic1,000. 00 per sq. m. All assumed costs include materials and labor based on 1979 price of materials. f. For the procure of Equipment. A fishpond project cannot be operated without equipment.Examples are fish nets, cut into blades, shovels, scoop nets, bolos, etc. These items should be included as part of the total development cost. Such equipment should be listed and calculated. g. Contingencies. There should be a casualty fund for unexpected expenditures, increase of prices and other materials not included in the above calcula tions. Assume 10% of the above costs for contingencies. 5. 1. 3 Cost estimate For the purpose of determining the cost of developing a new brackishwater fishfarm project, a typical example of a 50-hectare fishpond project applied to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for a 25-year Fishpond Lease Agreement is presented below. I. Pre-Development 1. For the preparation of feasibility study pic1,000. 00 2. Re-location of boundaries 2,000. 00 3. For the construction of temporary shelter for laborers (light materials) 4,000. 00 4. For the construction of flatboats, 5 units at pic500. 00/unit 2,500. 00 5. For the purchase of small banca, 1 unit at pic600. 00 600. 00 6. For representation and transportation expenses 3,000. 00 Sub-total pic13,100. 00 II. Development Proper 1. Clearing of the area at pic600. 00/ha. (cutting, chopping, burning & removal of logs pic30,000. 00 2. Construction of dikes (filling, compacting and constitution by manual labor) a. primary(prenominal) dike along mouth and river 1,920 elongated meters, 6. 0 m base, 2. 0 m superlative and 2. 25 m103,680. 00 height or a total of 17,280 cum. at pic6. 00/cu. b. briny dike along upland, 840 linear meters, 5. 5 m base, 2. 0 m flower, and 2. 0 m height 37,800. 00 or a total of 6,300 cu. m at pic6. 00/cu. m c. Main canal dike, 980 linear meters, 5. 0 m base, 2. 0 m pileus, and 1. 8 m height, or a 33,957. 00 total of 6,174 cu. m. at pic5. 50/cu. m d. Secondary dike, 2,540 linear meters, 4. 0 m base, 1. 0 m waft & 1. 5 m height or a 52,387. 50 total of 9,525 cu. at pic5. 50 per cu. m e. Secondary canal dike, 400 linear meters, 4. 0 m base, 1. 5 m crown and 1. 4 m height, or8,470. 00 a total of 1,540 cu. m at pic5. 50 per cu. m f. third canal dike, 240 linear meters, 3. 5 m base, 1. 5 m crown and 1. 2 m height or a3,600. 00 total of 720 cu. m at pic5. 00 per cu. m g. Tertiary dike, 700 linear meters, 3. 0 m base, 1. 0 m crown and 1. m height or a total7,000. 00 of 1,400 cu. m at pic5. 00 per cu. m 3. Construction and installation of furnish a. Main double opening concrete gate, 2 units at pic20,000/unit including labor cost 40,000. 00 b. Construction and installation of 10 units secondary wooden provide at pic3,000. 00 per30,000. 00 unit c. Construction and installation of 15 units tertiary wooden gates at pic1,500/unit 22,500. 00 4. Excavation and levelling of pond bottoms (cut-and-fill) a. Nursery Pond, 1. 5 ha at pic2,000/hectare 3,000. 00 b. Transition Pond, 4. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 8,000. 00 c. brass Pond, 8. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 16,000. 00 d. Rearing Pond, 32. 0 ha at pic2,000/ha 64,000. 00 5. Uprooting and removal of stumps at pic600/ha 30,000. 00 6. For the construction of facilities a. Caretakers hutch made of light materials, 2 units at pic6,000/unit 12,000. 00 b. Bodega, made of light materials for inputs and equipment, 1 unit 5,000. 00 c. scary tank with shed, made of light materials 3,000. 00 7. For the purchase of equipment a. Nets for harvesting 3,000. 00 b. archeological site blades and carpentry tools 1,000. 00 c. Containers 2,000. 00 8. Contingencies (10% of cost) 52,350. 05 Sub-total pic562,750. 55 T O T A L pic575,850. 55 ESTIMATED terms FOR 1 unit of measurement mental image OPENING main(prenominal) CONCRETE admittance I. Cost of Materials quantity Unit monetary value Amount 1. cementum 140 bags pic24. 00/bag pic3,360. 00 2. Sand 10 cu. m. 60. 00/cu. m 600. 00 3. begin 20 cu. m 80. 00/cu. m 1,600. 00 4. Boulders 8 cu. m 50. 00/cu. m 400. 00 5. Reinforcement boot out a) ? ? ? 20 80 pcs 22. 00/pc 1,760. 00 b) ? 3/8 ? 20 35 pcs 12. 00/pc 420. 00 6. plywood form 49 pcs 48. 00/pc 2,352. 00 (? ? 4 ? 8) 7. Lumber (S4S) a) 2 ? 2 ? 12 30 pcs 3. 0/bd. ft 360. 00 b) 2 ? 3 ? 12 16 pcs 3. 00/bd. ft 288. 00 c) 1 ? 2 ? 12 10 pcs 3. 00/bd . ft 60. 00 d) 1 ? 12 ? 12 6 pcs 3. 00/bd. ft 216. 00 8. Assorted Nails 10 kgs 7. 50/kg 75. 00 9. G. I. Wire 16 20 kgs 8. 00/kg 160. 00 10. Bamboo Puno 400 pcs 4. 00/pc 1,600. 00 Sub-total pic13,251. 00 II. Labor (40% of material cost) 5,300. 00 III. Contingencies (10% of material cost) 1,325. 00 T O T A L pic19,876. 00 say pic20,000. 00 ESTIMATED COST FOR ONE UNIT SECONDARY wooden GATE I. Cost of Materials Description sum Unit worth Amount 1. Ply Board 1? 10? 14 34 pcs. pic3. 00/bd. ftpic1,190. 00 . 1? 10? 8 3 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 60. 00 2. Slabs 1? 12? 14 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 84. 00 3. Pillars and Braces 2? 3? 10 4 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 60. 00 2? 3? 8 7 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 84. 00 2? 3? 14 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 42. 00 3? 4? 10 12 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 360. 00 4. Screen Frames 2? 3? 16 2 pcs. 3. 00/bd. ft. 48. 00